Declining Amphibian Populations: Causes, Consequences, and Conservation Strategies

Abstract

Amphibians are among the most diverse and ecologically important groups of vertebrates, yet they are facing unprecedented declines and extinctions worldwide. The causes and consequences of these declines are complex and multifaceted, involving direct and indirect effects of human activities, environmental changes, and infectious diseases. In this article, I review the current state of knowledge on the major factors contributing to amphibian declines, the impacts of these declines on ecosystem functioning and services, and the potential conservation strategies to mitigate the amphibian crisis.